為了生產(chan)優(you)質鋼桿，世界各國基(ji)本(ben)上都已采用連鑄連軋的熱加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)以生產(chan)韌點銅(tong)(tong)(ETP銅(tong)(tong)) 桿，或用浸涂法和上引法等工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)以生產(chan)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(HCOF銅(tong)(tong)，簡(jian)稱OF銅(tong)(tong))桿。這兩大類新(xin)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)所生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong) 桿的質量基(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)同。無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)似(si)乎簡(jian)單一(yi)些，但(dan)耗費(fei)電能較多，并(bing)要用較高品位的電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)。

　　從本(ben)世紀50年(nian)代起，人(ren)們為了(le)消除上(shang)節所述的銅(tong)桿產(chan)品質最(zui)不(bu)佳和生(sheng)產(chan)嚴(yan)(yan)重浪(lang)費(fei)等缺陷，己(ji)在醞釀銅(tong)桿生(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)的徹底改(gai)(gai)革，至80年(nian)代，改(gai)(gai)革已經(jing)基本(ben)完成。改(gai)(gai)革向(xiang)兩個方向(xiang)進(jin)行，一個方向(xiang)仍生(sheng)產(chan)韌點(dian)銅(tong)(含(han)氧(yang)最(zui)250 -500ppm)，但用豎爐連續熔(rong)銅(tong)，嚴(yan)(yan)格控制(zhi)爐氣(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)氛以(yi)調整(zheng)鋼液含(han)氧(yang)最(zui)，用銅(tong)鑄輪或(huo)(huo)鋼履帶等垂直或(huo)(huo)傾斜式連續鑄錠，以(yi)防止銅(tong)錠中產(chan)生(sheng)富氧(yang)層及(ji)氣(qi)(qi)泡層，用軋(ya)件無扭(niu)轉(zhuan)的三角(jiao)孔(kong)型(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓一橢圓孔(kong)型(xing)系將1300-6000mm(或(huo)(huo)更(geng)大)的連鑄銅(tong)錠連軋(ya)成小(xiao)8mm銅(tong)桿，最(zui)后，經(jing)用酒精連續還原表(biao)面氧(yang)化層或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)連續酸洗方法制(zhi)成光(guang)亮(liang)銅(tong)桿。這種類型(xing)的韌點(dian)銅(tong)桿生(sheng)產(chan)線小(xiao)時產(chan)量(liang)6-36t。

　　第二(er)個方向是用較高品位的(de)(de)電解銅(tong)(如含銅(tong)量99.97%以上)，在保護氣(qi)氛下進(jin)行(xing)連續熔化、鑄桿(錠)、軋桿而制成φ8mm的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，含氧(yang)最20ppm以下，每條生產(chan)線(xian)小時(shi)生產(chan)能(neng)力1-10t。

　　至80年(nian)代初，銅桿連續(xu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工藝改革已經完(wan)成(cheng)且日臻完(wan)善。當時，國(guo)外已建成(cheng)連續(xu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)100余條，小時生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能力共約(yue)1700t，如以年(nian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)4000小時，開工率75%估(gu)算，則可(ke)年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銅桿510萬t。從國(guo)際上看，質量差、成(cheng)本高(gao)的傳統銅桿生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工藝已經被淘汰，我國(guo)也應急起直追，迅(xun)速完(wan)成(cheng)銅桿新工藝的改造。

　　在詳(xiang)細介(jie)紹各種銅桿連續生產工藝以前，先對銅桿含氧量(liang)及其特性的認識子以統(tong)一。

　　(1)近年在引進(jin)銅桿(gan)生(sheng)產新工藝(yi)中，受到(dao)外商種(zhong)種(zhong)不科學推銷宣傳的(de)影響，有人把銅桿(gan)分成韌點銅(ETP)、低(di)氧銅和無氧銅三(san)類。

　　舊法(fa)(傳(chuan)統方法(fa):橫鑄錠(ding)(ding)、再熱、回線(xian)(xian)式軋桿(gan)(gan))銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)300-500ppm之間，且(qie)這(zhe)部(bu)分(fen)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)只(zhi)分(fen)布在(zai)90%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄錠(ding)(ding)截面內(nei)，其(qi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10%富(fu)(fu)(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)層，厚度(du)在(zai)10^-12mm左(zuo)右，其(qi)中還吸(xi)收著同(tong)樣(yang)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)分(fen)。當我們(men)規定(傳(chuan)統規定)銅(tong)(tong)錠(ding)(ding)底部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量為300^-500ppm時(shi)，實際(ji)上(shang)包(bao)括富(fu)(fu)(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)層在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平均含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量是0.06^0.10%,富(fu)(fu)(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)性盡(jin)人皆知(zhi)，用(yong)這(zhe)類傳(chuan)統錠(ding)(ding)除非刨(bao)面才能軋成含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量300-r500ppm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌點(dian)銅(tong)(tong)(ETP)桿(gan)(gan)，要(yao)做(zuo)ETP桿(gan)(gan)用(yong)立澆(jiao)切頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無富(fu)(fu)(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)層錠(ding)(ding)或半連(lian)(lian)續澆(jiao)鑄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錠(ding)(ding)固然(ran)可以(yi)，但澆(jiao)鑄速度(du)慢，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率低而(er)且(qie)消耗也大(da)。從(cong)半連(lian)(lian)續鑄造這(zhe)個實踐基礎上(shang)文發(fa)展了(le)有(you)(you)(you)轉動(dong)或移(yi)動(dong)鑄模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)續澆(jiao)鑄，給可rP鋼桿(gan)(gan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)全部(bu)連(lian)(lian)續化創造了(le)條件。ETP銅(tong)(tong)錠(ding)(ding)連(lian)(lian)續澆(jiao)鑄當前(qian)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)三種(zhong)(zhong)形式:Properzi的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙輪式，SCR的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五輪式及(ji)克虜伯Hazclett雙鋼帶式。它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同(tong)特點(dian)是連(lian)(lian)續地傾斜或垂直澆(jiao)鑄，鑄錠(ding)(ding)不會產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)層和集結的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)泡層。錠(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量好，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率也高。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)連(lian)(lian)續生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)250.500ppm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)仍應當是韌點(dian)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(Electri-cal Tough Piteh Rod)，它(ta)們(men)不是含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)100-25Oppm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)。國際(ji)上(shang)不論采用(yong)新法(fa)或舊法(fa)，都(dou)不制作此(ci)種(zhong)(zhong)所謂“低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)”，更(geng)沒有(you)(you)(you)“大(da)量用(yong)于電線(xian)(xian)電纜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)”。因為，即(ji)使用(yong)99.95%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一號(hao)電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)原料，還原到100-r200ppm含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量時(shi)，如(ru)不在(zai)保護氣(qi)(qi)氛(fen)下，將吸(xi)收大(da)量氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)造成氣(qi)(qi)泡嚴(yan)重、導電率下降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄錠(ding)(ding)。

　　根(gen)據(ju)以上分析，我們(men)必(bi)須改正所謂“連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤概念和叫法，而代(dai)之以連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)簡稱韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(ETP銅(tong)(tong)(tong))，其(qi)含氧(yang)(yang)量應為250-500ppm，其(qi)電氣和機械(xie)物理(li)特性幾乎和無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(HCOF銅(tong)(tong)(tong))不相上下。傳統工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)已經或(huo)正在(zai)被(bei)迅速(su)淘汰，故韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(ETP)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱由現代(dai)工藝(yi)連續(xu)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)點銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)來(lai)承繼是合乎道理(li)及合乎國(guo)際習(xi)慣的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

　　(2)無氧銅桿一般含氧量在20ppm以下，要用較高品位的電解銅為原料(含銅量99.97%或”.98%)才能得到與ETP銅桿相同或略高的導電率，如101.5%或102.0%IACS。無氧銅桿生產工藝有浸涂法和上引法二種，主要是以前者為代表，后者在國際范圍內并沒有得到大量推廣，其總生產能力僅占無氧銅桿生產總能力的16%，占連鑄連軋銅桿總生產能力的1.35%。
　　電(dian)氣用(yong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅一般叫做(zuo)高導電(dian)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅，即HCOF銅(也有用(yong)磷脫氧(yang)(yang)的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅，導電(dian)率很低，不(bu)能做(zuo)電(dian)銅桿用(yong))，簡稱無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅。